0b18ad3971852efb98daabd60d55ec1cc1711612 angie Thu May 14 13:46:59 2020 -0700 Python learning: the whole point of 'with open(...) as f' is that you don't have to remember to close f. diff --git src/hg/utils/otto/nextstrainNcov/nextstrain.py src/hg/utils/otto/nextstrainNcov/nextstrain.py index 3012d76..775fad5 100755 --- src/hg/utils/otto/nextstrainNcov/nextstrain.py +++ src/hg/utils/otto/nextstrainNcov/nextstrain.py @@ -1,644 +1,629 @@ #!/usr/bin/env python3 import json import re from warnings import warn with open('ncov.json') as f: ncov = json.load(f) chrom = 'NC_045512v2' # Genes (to which AA mutations are relative): genePos = {} geneBed = [] for gene,anno in ncov['meta']['genome_annotations'].items(): if (gene != 'nuc'): genePos[gene] = anno['start'] - 1 geneBed.append([chrom, anno['start']-1, anno['end'], gene]) def bedStart(bed): return bed[1] geneBed.sort(key=bedStart) with open('nextstrainGene.bed', 'w') as outG: for bed in geneBed: outG.write('\t'.join(map(str, bed)) + '\n') - outG.close() # Variants and "clades" snvRe = re.compile('^([ACGT])([0-9]+)([ACGT])$') snvAaRe = re.compile('^([A-Z*])([0-9]+)([A-Z*])$') clades = {} cladeNodes = {} variantCounts = {} variantAaChanges = {} samples = [] cladeColors = { 'A1a': '73,75,225', 'A2': '75,131,233', 'A2a': '92,173,207', 'A3': '119,199,164', 'A6': '154,212,122', 'A7': '173,189,81', 'B': '233,205,74', 'B1': '255,176,65', 'B2': '255,122,53', 'B4': '249,53,41' } def cladeColorFromName(cladeName): color = cladeColors.get(cladeName); if (not color): color = '0,0,0' return color def subtractStart(coord, start): return coord - start def cladeFromVariants(name, variants, varStr): """Extract bed12 info from an object whose keys are SNV variant names""" clade = {} snvEnds = [] varNames = [] for varName in variants: m = snvRe.match(varName) if (m): snvEnds.append(int(m.group(2))) varNames.append(varName) if snvEnds: snvEnds.sort() snvStarts = list(map(lambda x: x-1, snvEnds)) snvSizes = list(map(lambda x: 1, snvEnds)) clade['thickStart'] = min(snvStarts) clade['thickEnd'] = max(snvEnds) clade['name'] = name clade['color'] = cladeColorFromName(name) clade['varSizes'] = snvSizes clade['varStarts'] = snvStarts clade['varNames'] = varStr return clade def addDatesToClade(clade, numDateAttrs): """Add the numeric dates from ncov.json node_attrs.num_date to clade record""" clade['dateInferred'] = numDateAttrs['value'] clade['dateConfMin'] = numDateAttrs['confidence'][0] clade['dateConfMax'] = numDateAttrs['confidence'][1] def addCountryToClade(clade, countryAttrs): """Add country data from ncov.json node_attrs.country to clade""" clade['countryInferred'] = countryAttrs['value'] confString = '' for country, conf in countryAttrs['confidence'].items(): if (len(confString)): confString += ', ' confString += "%s: %0.5f" % (country, conf) clade['countryConf'] = confString def numDateToYmd(numDate): """Convert numeric date (decimal year) to integer year, month, day""" year = int(numDate) isLeapYear = 1 if (year % 4 == 0) else 0 # Get rid of the year numDate -= year # Convert to Julian day daysInYear = 366 if isLeapYear else 365 jDay = int(numDate * daysInYear) + 1 if (jDay > 334 + isLeapYear): month, day = 11, (jDay - 334 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 304 + isLeapYear): month, day = 10, (jDay - 304 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 273 + isLeapYear): month, day = 9, (jDay - 273 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 243 + isLeapYear): month, day = 8, (jDay - 243 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 212 + isLeapYear): month, day = 7, (jDay - 212 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 181 + isLeapYear): month, day = 6, (jDay - 181 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 151 + isLeapYear): month, day = 5, (jDay - 151 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 120 + isLeapYear): month, day = 4, (jDay - 120 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 90 + isLeapYear): month, day = 3, (jDay - 90 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 59 + isLeapYear): month, day = 2, (jDay - 59 - isLeapYear) elif (jDay > 31): month, day = 1, (jDay - 31) else: month, day = 0, jDay return year, month, day months = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec']; def numDateToMonthDay(numDate): """Transform decimal year timestamp to string with only month and day""" year, month, day = numDateToYmd(numDate) return months[month] + str(day) def numDateToYmdStr(numDate): """Convert decimal year to YY-MM-DD string""" year, month, day = numDateToYmd(numDate) return "%02d-%02d-%02d" % (year, month+1, day) def rUnpackNextstrainTree(branch, parentVariants, parentVarStr): """Recursively descend ncov.tree and build data structures for genome browser tracks""" # Gather variants specific to this node/branch (if any) localVariants = [] if (branch.get('branch_attrs') and branch['branch_attrs'].get('mutations') and branch['branch_attrs']['mutations'].get('nuc')): # Nucleotide variants specific to this branch for varName in branch['branch_attrs']['mutations']['nuc']: if (snvRe.match(varName)): localVariants.append(varName) if (not variantCounts.get(varName)): variantCounts[varName] = 0; # Amino acid variants: figure out which nucleotide variant goes with each for geneName in branch['branch_attrs']['mutations'].keys(): if (geneName != 'nuc'): for change in branch['branch_attrs']['mutations'][geneName]: # Get nucleotide coords & figure out which nuc var this aa change corresponds to aaM = snvAaRe.match(change) if (aaM): aaRef, aaPos, aaAlt = aaM.groups() varStartMin = (int(aaPos) - 1) * 3 if (genePos.get(geneName)): cdsStart = genePos.get(geneName) varStartMin += cdsStart varStartMax = varStartMin + 2 for varName in localVariants: ref, pos, alt = snvRe.match(varName).groups() pos = int(pos) - 1 if (pos >= varStartMin and pos <= varStartMax): variantAaChanges[varName] = geneName + ':' + change else: warn("Can't find start for gene " + geneName) # Inherit parent variants branchVariants = parentVariants.copy() # Add variants specific to this branch (if any) for varName in localVariants: branchVariants[varName] = 1 # Make an ordered variant string as David requested: semicolons between nodes, # comma-separated within a node: branchVarStr = '' for varName in localVariants: if (len(branchVarStr)): branchVarStr += ', ' branchVarStr += varName aaVar = variantAaChanges.get(varName) if (aaVar): branchVarStr += ' (' + aaVar + ')' if (len(parentVarStr) and len(branchVarStr)): branchVarStr = parentVarStr + '; ' + branchVarStr elif (not len(branchVarStr)): branchVarStr = parentVarStr nodeAttrs = branch['node_attrs'] if (nodeAttrs.get('clade_membership')): cladeName = nodeAttrs['clade_membership']['value'] if (cladeName != 'unassigned' and not cladeName in clades): clades[cladeName] = cladeFromVariants(cladeName, branchVariants, branchVarStr) addDatesToClade(clades[cladeName], nodeAttrs['num_date']) if (nodeAttrs.get('country')): addCountryToClade(clades[cladeName], nodeAttrs['country']) elif (nodeAttrs.get('division')): addCountryToClade(clades[cladeName], nodeAttrs['division']) else: warn('No country or division for new clade ' + cladeName) cladeNodes[cladeName] = branch kids = branch.get('children') if (kids): for child in kids: rUnpackNextstrainTree(child, branchVariants, branchVarStr); else: for varName in branchVariants: variantCounts[varName] += 1 if (nodeAttrs.get('submitting_lab')): lab = nodeAttrs['submitting_lab']['value'] else: lab = '' samples.append({ 'id': nodeAttrs['gisaid_epi_isl']['value'], 'name': branch['name'], 'clade': nodeAttrs['clade_membership']['value'], 'date': numDateToMonthDay(nodeAttrs['num_date']['value']), 'lab': lab, 'variants': branchVariants, 'varStr': branchVarStr }) rUnpackNextstrainTree(ncov['tree'], {}, '') def sampleName(sample): return '|'.join([sample['id'], sample['name'], sample['date']]) sampleCount = len(samples) sampleNames = [ sampleName(sample) for sample in samples ] # Parse variant names like 'G11083T' into pos and alleles; bundle in VCF column order parsedVars = [] for varName in variantCounts.keys(): m = snvRe.match(varName) if (m): ref, pos, alt = m.groups() parsedVars.append([int(pos), varName, ref, alt]) else: warn("Can't match " + varName) # Sort by position def parsedVarPos(pv): return pv[0] parsedVars.sort(key=parsedVarPos) def parsedVarAlleleCount(pv): return variantCounts[pv[1]] def mergeVariants(pvList): """Given a list of parsedVars [pos, varName, ref, alt] at the same pos, resolve the actual allele at each sample, handling back-mutations and serial mutations.""" # Sort by descending allele count, assuming that the ref allele of the most frequently # observed variant is the true ref allele. For back-muts, ref and alt are swapped; # for serial muts, alt of the first is ref of the second. pvList.sort(key=parsedVarAlleleCount) pvList.reverse() pos, varName, trueRef, firstAlt = pvList[0] alts = [] sampleAlleles = [ 0 for sample in samples ] backMutSamples = [] for pv in pvList: thisPos, thisName, thisRef, thisAlt = pv if (thisPos != pos): warn("mergeVariants: inconsistent pos " + pos + " and " + thisPos) if (thisAlt == trueRef): # Back-mutation, not a true alt alIx = 0 else: # Add to list of alts - unless it's an alt we've already seen, but from a different # serial mutation. For example, there might be T>A but also T>G+G>A; don't add A twice. if (not thisAlt in alts): alts.append(thisAlt) if (thisName != varName): varName += "," + thisName alIx = alts.index(thisAlt) + 1 for ix, sample in enumerate(samples): if (sample['variants'].get(thisName)): sampleAlleles[ix] = alIx if (alIx == 0): backMutSamples.append(sampleName(sample)) # After handling back- and serial mutations, figure out true counts of each alt allele: altCounts = [ 0 for alt in alts ] for alIx in sampleAlleles: if (alIx > 0): altCounts[alIx - 1] += 1 return [ [pos, varName, trueRef, ','.join(alts)], alts, altCounts, sampleAlleles, backMutSamples ] mergedVars = [] variantsAtPos = [] for pv in parsedVars: pos = pv[0] if (len(variantsAtPos) == 0 or pos == variantsAtPos[0][0]): variantsAtPos.append(pv) else: mergedVars.append(mergeVariants(variantsAtPos)) variantsAtPos = [pv] mergedVars.append(mergeVariants(variantsAtPos)) def writeVcfHeaderExceptSamples(outF): """Write VCF header lines -- except for sample names (this ends with a \t not a \n).""" outF.write('##fileformat=VCFv4.3\n') outF.write('##source=nextstrain.org\n') outF.write('\t'.join(['#CHROM', 'POS', 'ID', 'REF', 'ALT', 'QUAL', 'FILTER', 'INFO', 'FORMAT']) + '\t'); def tallyAaChanges(varNameMerged): """If any of the merged variants cause a coding change, then produce a comma-sep string in same order as variants with corresponding change(s) or '-' if a variant does not cause a coding change. If none of the variants cause a coding change, return the empty string.""" varNames = varNameMerged.split(',') gotAaChange = 0 aaChanges = [] for varName in varNames: aaChange = variantAaChanges.get(varName) if (aaChange): gotAaChange = 1 aaChanges.append(aaChange) else: aaChanges.append('-'); if (gotAaChange): aaChangeStr = ','.join(aaChanges) else: aaChangeStr = '' return aaChangeStr # VCF with open('nextstrainSamples.vcf', 'w') as outC: writeVcfHeaderExceptSamples(outC) outC.write('\t'.join(sampleNames) + '\n') for mv in mergedVars: pv, alts, altCounts, sampleAlleles, backMutSamples = mv info = 'AC=' + ','.join(map(str, altCounts)) + ';AN=' + str(sampleCount) varNameMerged = pv[1] aaChange = tallyAaChanges(varNameMerged) if (len(aaChange)): info += ';AACHANGE=' + aaChange if (len(backMutSamples)): info += ';BACKMUTS=' + ','.join(backMutSamples) genotypes = [] for sample, alIx in zip(samples, sampleAlleles): gt = str(alIx) genotypes.append(gt + ':' + sample['clade']) outC.write('\t'.join([ chrom, '\t'.join(map(str, pv)), '\t'.join(['.', 'PASS', info, 'GT:CLADE']), '\t'.join(genotypes) ]) + '\n') - outC.close() # Assign samples to clades; a sample can appear in multiple clades if they are nested. cladeSamples = {} cladeSampleCounts = {} cladeSampleNames = {} def sampleIdsFromNode(node, ids): """Fill in a dict of IDs of all samples found under node.""" kids = node.get('children') if (kids): for kid in kids: sampleIdsFromNode(kid, ids) else: sampleId = node['node_attrs']['gisaid_epi_isl']['value'] ids[sampleId] = 1 for cladeName, node in cladeNodes.items(): sampleIds = {} sampleIdsFromNode(node, sampleIds) cladeSampleList = [ sample for sample in samples if sample['id'] in sampleIds ] cladeSamples[cladeName] = sampleIds cladeSampleCounts[cladeName] = len(cladeSampleList) cladeSampleNames[cladeName] = [ sampleName(sample) for sample in cladeSampleList ] # Per-clade VCF subset for cladeName, cladeSampleIds in cladeSamples.items(): with open('nextstrainSamples' + cladeName + '.vcf', 'w') as outV: writeVcfHeaderExceptSamples(outV) outV.write('\t'.join(cladeSampleNames[cladeName]) + '\n') for mv in mergedVars: pv, alts, overallAltCounts, sampleAlleles, backMutSamples = mv varNameMerged = pv[1] genotypes = [] altCounts = [ 0 for alt in alts ] acTotal=0 for sample, alIx in zip(samples, sampleAlleles): if (sample['id'] in cladeSampleIds): gt = str(alIx) genotypes.append(gt + ':' + cladeName) if (alIx > 0): altCounts[alIx - 1] += 1 acTotal += 1 if (acTotal > 0): info = 'AC=' + ','.join(map(str, altCounts)) info += ';AN=' + str(cladeSampleCounts[cladeName]) aaChange = tallyAaChanges(varNameMerged) if (len(aaChange)): info += ';AACHANGE=' + aaChange cladeBackMuts = [ sampleName for sampleName in backMutSamples if sampleName in cladeSampleNames[cladeName] ] if (len(cladeBackMuts)): info += ';BACKMUTS=' + ','.join(cladeBackMuts) outV.write('\t'.join([ chrom, '\t'.join(map(str, pv)), '\t'.join(['.', 'PASS', info, 'GT']), '\t'.join(genotypes) ]) + '\n') - outV.close() # BED+ file for clades with open('nextstrainClade.bed', 'w') as outC: for name, clade in clades.items(): if (clade.get('thickStart')): outC.write('\t'.join(map(str, [ chrom, 0, 29903, name, 0, '.', clade['thickStart'], clade['thickEnd'], clade['color'], len(clade['varSizes']) + 2, '1,' + ','.join(map(str, clade['varSizes'])) + ',1,', '0,' + ','.join(map(str, clade['varStarts'])) + ',29902,', clade['varNames'], numDateToYmdStr(clade['dateInferred']), numDateToYmdStr(clade['dateConfMin']), numDateToYmdStr(clade['dateConfMax']), clade['countryInferred'], clade['countryConf'], cladeSampleCounts[name], ', '.join(cladeSampleNames[name]) ])) + '\n') - outC.close() # Newick-formatted tree of samples for VCF display def cladeRgbFromName(cladeName): """Look up the r,g,b string color for clade; convert to int RGB.""" rgbCommaStr = cladeColorFromName(cladeName) r, g, b = [ int(x) for x in rgbCommaStr.split(',') ] rgb = (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b return rgb def rNextstrainToNewick(node, parentClade=None, parentVarStr=''): """Recursively descend ncov.tree and build Newick tree string of samples to file""" kids = node.get('children') if (kids): # Make a more concise variant path string than the one we make for the clade track, # to embed in internal node labels for Yatish's tree explorations. localVariants = [] if (node.get('branch_attrs') and node['branch_attrs'].get('mutations') and node['branch_attrs']['mutations'].get('nuc')): # Nucleotide variants specific to this branch for varName in node['branch_attrs']['mutations']['nuc']: if (snvRe.match(varName)): localVariants.append(varName) varStr = '+'.join(localVariants) if (len(parentVarStr) and len(varStr)): varStr = '$'.join([parentVarStr, varStr]) elif (not len(varStr)): varStr = parentVarStr nodeAttrs = node['node_attrs'] if (nodeAttrs.get('clade_membership')): cladeName = nodeAttrs['clade_membership']['value'] elif (parentClade): cladeName = parentClade else: cladeName = 'unassigned' color = str(cladeRgbFromName(cladeName)) descendants = ','.join([ rNextstrainToNewick(child, cladeName, varStr) for child in kids ]) label = '#'.join([cladeName, varStr]) treeString = '(' + descendants + ')' + label + ':' + color else: nodeAttrs = node['node_attrs'] gId = nodeAttrs['gisaid_epi_isl']['value'] name = node['name'] date = numDateToMonthDay(nodeAttrs['num_date']['value']) cladeName = nodeAttrs['clade_membership']['value'] color = str(cladeRgbFromName(cladeName)) treeString = sampleName({ 'id': gId, 'name': name, 'date': date }) + ':' + color return treeString with open('nextstrain.nh', 'w') as outF: outF.write(rNextstrainToNewick(ncov['tree']) + ';\n') - outF.close() for cladeName, node in cladeNodes.items(): filename = 'nextstrain' + cladeName + '.nh' with open(filename, 'w') as outF: outF.write(rNextstrainToNewick(node) + ';\n') - outF.close() # File with samples and their clades, labs and variant paths apostropheSRe = re.compile("'s"); firstLetterRe = re.compile('(\w)\w+'); spacePunctRe = re.compile('\W'); def abbreviateLab(lab): """Lab names are very long and sometimes differ by punctuation or typos. Abbreviate for easier comparison.""" labAbbrev = apostropheSRe.sub('', lab) labAbbrev = firstLetterRe.sub(r'\1', labAbbrev, count=0) labAbbrev = spacePunctRe.sub('', labAbbrev, count=0) return labAbbrev with open('nextstrainSamples.varPaths', 'w') as outF: for sample in samples: lab = sample['lab'] labAbbrev = abbreviateLab(lab) outF.write('\t'.join([sampleName(sample), sample['clade'], labAbbrev, lab, sample['varStr']]) + '\n'); - outF.close() # Narrow down variants to "informative" set (bi-allelic, each allele supported by # sufficient number of samples): minSamples = 2 discardedAlleles = [] blacklist = [] informativeVariants = [] for mv in mergedVars: pv, alts, altCounts, sampleAlleles, backMutSamples = mv pos, varNameMerged, ref, altStr = pv recurrentAlts = [] for alt, altCount in zip(alts, altCounts): if (altCount < minSamples): discardedAlleles.append([ chrom, pos-1, pos, ref + str(pos) + alt ]) else: recurrentAlts.append(alt) if (len(recurrentAlts) > 1): multiRecurrentName = ','.join([ ref + str(pos) + alt for alt in recurrentAlts ]) blacklist.append([ chrom, pos-1, pos, multiRecurrentName ]) elif (len(recurrentAlts) == 1): informativeVariants.append([ pos, ref, recurrentAlts[0] ]) # Dump out BED files for the categories: with open('nextstrainDiscarded.bed', 'w') as outF: for da in discardedAlleles: outF.write('\t'.join(map(str, da)) + '\n'); - outF.close() with open('nextstrainBlacklisted.bed', 'w') as outF: for bl in blacklist: outF.write('\t'.join(map(str, bl)) + '\n'); - outF.close() with open('nextstrainInformative.bed', 'w') as outF: for iv in informativeVariants: pos, ref, alt = iv outF.write('\t'.join(map(str, [ chrom, pos-1, pos, ref + str(pos) + alt ])) + '\n') - outF.close() # Compute parsimony score for tree at each informative variant. anyDiscordantVariants = [] def refAltCosts(node, pos, ref, alt, parentValue): nodeValue = parentValue mutCount = 0 # If there are mutations on this branch, and one of them is at pos and is ref or alt # (i.e. not a discarded allele that we're ignoring), then change nodeValue. if (node.get('branch_attrs') and node['branch_attrs'].get('mutations') and node['branch_attrs']['mutations'].get('nuc')): for varName in node['branch_attrs']['mutations']['nuc']: m = snvRe.match(varName) if (m): mRef, mPos, mAlt = m.groups() mPos = int(mPos) if (mPos == pos and (mAlt == ref or mAlt == alt)): nodeValue = mAlt mutCount += 1 kids = node.get('children') if (kids): refCost, altCost = [0, 0] for kid in kids: kidRefCost, kidAltCost, kidMutCount = refAltCosts(kid, pos, ref, alt, nodeValue) refCost += min(kidRefCost, kidAltCost+1) altCost += min(kidRefCost+1, kidAltCost) mutCount += kidMutCount else: refCost = 0 if (nodeValue == ref) else 1 altCost = 1 if (nodeValue == ref) else 0 if ((refCost < altCost and nodeValue == alt) or (altCost < refCost and nodeValue == ref)): anyDiscordantVariants.append('\t'.join([ref + str(pos) + alt, node['name']])) return refCost, altCost, mutCount parsimonyScores = [] mutationCounts = [] rootDiscordantVariants = [] for iv in informativeVariants: pos, ref, alt = iv varName = ref + str(pos) + alt rootRefCost, rootAltCost, mutCount = refAltCosts(ncov['tree'], pos, ref, alt, ref) parsimonyScores.append([pos, min(rootRefCost, rootAltCost)]) mutationCounts.append([pos, mutCount]) rootLabel = 0 if (rootRefCost <= rootAltCost) else 1 if (rootLabel != 0): # Note: so far this has not happened. Seems like it would be pretty lame if it did. rootDiscordantVariants.append([chrom, pos-1, pos, varName]) # Write out files with discordant nodes, parsimony/mutation counts (identical!): with open('nextstrainRootDiscordant.bed', 'w') as outF: for dv in rootDiscordantVariants: outF.write('\t'.join(dv) + '\n'); - outF.close(); with open('nextstrainAnyDiscordant.txt', 'w') as outF: for varName in anyDiscordantVariants: outF.write(varName + '\n'); - outF.close() # bedGraph for parsimony scores and mutation counts with open('nextstrainParsimony.bedGraph', 'w') as outF: for ps in parsimonyScores: pos, score = ps outF.write('\t'.join(map(str, [ chrom, pos-1, pos, score ])) + '\n') - outF.close() with open('nextstrainMutCounts.bedGraph', 'w') as outF: for ps in mutationCounts: pos, score = ps outF.write('\t'.join(map(str, [ chrom, pos-1, pos, score ])) + '\n') - outF.close() # Informative-only VCF with open('nextstrainRecurrentBiallelic.vcf', 'w') as outF: writeVcfHeaderExceptSamples(outF) outF.write('\t'.join(sampleNames) + '\n') for iv in informativeVariants: pos, ref, alt = iv varName = ref + str(pos) + alt # Ignore any discarded variants at this position, but handle back-mutations if any, # by calling mergeVariants on this and its back-mutation backMutVarName = alt + str(pos) + ref variants = [ [ pos, varName, ref, alt ] ] if (variantCounts.get(backMutVarName)): variants.append([ pos, backMutVarName, alt, ref ]) pv, alts, altCounts, sampleAlleles, backMutSamples = mergeVariants(variants) if (len(alts) != 1): warn('Expected exactly one alt from merging ' + varName + ' and ' + backMutVarName + ', but got [' + ', '.join(alts) + ']') info = 'AC=' + str(altCounts[0]) info += ';AN=' + str(sampleCount) aaChange = tallyAaChanges(varName) if (len(aaChange)): info += ';AACHANGE=' + aaChange if (len(backMutSamples)): info += ';BACKMUTS=' + ','.join(backMutSamples) genotypes = [] for sample, alIx in zip(samples, sampleAlleles): gt = str(alIx) genotypes.append(gt + ':' + sample['clade']) outF.write('\t'.join([ '\t'.join([ chrom, str(pos), varName, ref, alt, '.', 'PASS', info, 'GT']), '\t'.join(genotypes) ]) + '\n') - outF.close()